What happened to the Hagia Sophia in 1453 C.E.
 | Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire |
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was another name for the surviving eastern half of the Roman Empire. As you read in a previous chapter, the weaker western half of the Roman Empire, including the metropolis of Rome, cruel to barbarian invaders. What was left of the Roman Empire was ruled by the emperor in Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire survived for another 1,000 years, finally falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The city of Constantinople, built on a peninsula surrounded by three bodies of water: the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, and the Aureate Horn. Notice the iron chain, chosen a smash, across the Aureate Horn, it prevented enemy ships from sailing into that expanse.
Although the people of the Byzantine Empire considered themselves Roman, the E was influenced by Greek culture, rather than the Latin of the Westward. People spoke Greek and wore Greek-styled clothing. The emperors and empresses wore beautiful silk and purple-dyed clothing, with expensive slippers. The Byzantine Empire was influenced by the Hellenistic civilisation created by the conquests of Alexander the Bully. Learning and trade thrived in the Byzantine Empire. As you lot read in a previous chapter, Emperor Constantine ended the persecution of Christians, and Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official country religion of the Roman Empire. Christianity had a major influence on the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine art featured beautiful mosaics of Christian themes.
Mosaics are fabricated from pieces of glass or stone and glued together. The are most commonly institute on the floor or ceiling.
Emperor Justinian
One famous Byzantine Emperor was Justinian I. Justinian ruled from AD 527 to 565. Justinian created a set of laws called the Justinian Code. This code said that the emperor made all of the laws and interpreted the laws besides. The Justinian Code was law throughout the empire. Many of our modern laws tin exist traced back to the Justinian Code.
Justinian had a goal of re-uniting the Roman Empire. He sent out armies to battle the barbarians who had taken control in the Due west. Justinian'due south Roman armies were very successful, taking back parts of Africa and most of Italy.
On these ii maps, y'all can come across the conquests of the Byzantine armies during the reign of Emperor Justinian. Belisarius was the commander who led these armies in an attempt to win back the former Western Roman Empire.
The state of war endeavor to take back the western part of the empire forced Justinian to heighten taxes on the people of the Byzantine Empire. The Roman citizens were angry with Justinian about the high taxes for the war endeavour, and he was condign unpopular. Even more than unpopular was Empress Theodora, Justinian's married woman, because she was originally a circus performer and came from the lower class of Romans. "Who was this woman, who had such control over the decisions of her husband?" They idea to themselves. Not i to take a dorsum seat to her married man, Theodora proposed laws that protected the rights of women in the empire.
The Byzantines, like the erstwhile Romans in the Westward, enjoyed chariot races at the hippodrome, a large oval stadium designed for races. Like our modern sports, the Byzantines had teams they supported. The Byzantine chariot teams were named after colors: The Blues, Reds, Greens, and Whites. Afterward a race, riots would, at times, pause out in the stands and overflow into streets, as the fans got into arguments. During Justinian'south reign, the Blues and Greens were the dominant teams.
After a detail anarchism, a fan of the Blues and a fan of the Greens were arrested. Justinian, noticing how unhappy people were with him, decided to free these two people and hold a chariot race on January 13, 532. During the race, fans got out of command, and started to shout insults at the emperor. Rather than auspicious for their teams, fans of both the Greens and Blues shouted Nika, meaning win or conquer. Next, the fans stormed Justinian's luxury box, which was continued to his palace grounds. Justinian fled to the palace as the Nika Riot spilled out into the streets. The palace was under siege as near of the city, including the church called the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom), was destroyed.
A prisoner in his own palace, Justinian decided to board a ship and sheet away from Constantinople, stepping down as emperor, but saving his life. As he started to go out, he looked behind him to notice his wife, Theodora, stubbornly refusing. "I would rather die an empress, than live on the run, and likewise, purple makes a wonderful burial veil," she said. Seeing his wife's courage, Justinian decided to stay. The riot was controlled, and Justinian connected to rule the Byzantine Empire.
Empress Theodora refused to leave Constantinople in the wake of the Nika Riot.
Justinian set out to rebuild the city after the the Nika Riots. Justinian rebuilt the Hagia Sophia, which, afterwards the rebuilding, had the largest dome in the globe. The edifice is still standing today, although it is now a mosque, since the conquering Ottoman Turks were Muslim.
The Hagia Sophia, rebuilt, with its 1000 dome, by Justinian, whom y'all tin can see with Theodora in the insert.
(Here is the tune of the song "Norwegian Wood," the lyrics describe the life of Empress Theodora. Amy Burvall, and Herb Mahelona, are ii teachers from Hawaii who create short videos to help their students recall highlights of history topics.)
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The type of Christianity practiced in Byzantium was called Eastern Orthodox. Eastern Orthodox Christianity is still practiced today. The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church is chosen the Patriarch of Constantinople. There were likewise men called bishops in the major cities of the Empire. In the Byzantine Empire, emperors had ability over the church building, because they selected the patriarch. Even though Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic are both Christian, they had arguments and even battles against each other. The pope, the spiritual leader in Rome and the Catholics in the Westward, and the patriarch of Constantinople did not always agree.
The Byzantine emperor was never totally safe. Dissimilar the barbaric kingdoms of the west, where the throne was passed from male parent to son, at that place was never a clear line of succession in the East. This was called the "Malady of the Regal," because whatever 1 with power could seize the throne in the Byzantine Empire. There were ever plots to overthrow the emperor and much political intrigue in Constantinople, even among family and relatives.
In 672 the Byzantines rolled out a new weapon called Greek Fire. This fire was thrown at the enemy and could non be extinguished, non even by water. The person who is given credit for the invention of Greek Fire is Kallinikos, a Syrian living in the Byzantine Empire. Greek Fire was used confronting the attacking Muslim fleets. The formula for Greek Burn was a secret, and mayhap fifty-fifty the emperors did not know its ingredients. Greek burn down was thrown in drinking glass containers and propelled past a pump. Greek Burn has been lost to history, and no ane is absolutely sure how to arrive today. Greek Fire helped to save the Byzantine Empire and Christianity for several hundred years. Constantinople finally fell to the cannons of the Turks in 1453. The walls of Constantinople fell down, only the civilisation and ideas of the Byzantine Empire moved to the Christian West, creating a new interest in archetype Greek and Roman ideas, called the Renaissance.
Greek Fire, sometimes called Roman Burn, is existence thrown at enemy ships in this Heart Ages manuscript.
In the next chapter nosotros volition read near Islam and its founder Muhammad, a religion and empire that came in conflict with the Byzantines in the East and the barbarian kingdoms in the Westward.
- The Byzantine Empire Read Aloud (WMA 6.67 MB)
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- Byzantine Java Games
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